Comprehensive Meta Analysis How To Perform Meta
Underlying meta-analytic hypothesis testing in the social sciences will. The guide, as well as the dmetar package, have a focus on biomedical and. This freely available guide shows how to perform meta-analyses in R from scratch with no prior R knowledge required. The dmetar package serves as the companion R package for the online guide Doing Meta-Analysis in R - A Hands-on Guide written by Mathias Harrer, Pim Cuijpers, Toshi Furukawa and David Ebert.
Essential steps for meta-analysis are covered, including pooling of outcome measures, forest plots, heterogeneity diagnostics, subgroup analyses, meta. This book serves as an accessible introduction into how meta-analyses can be conducted in R. MethodsWelcome Welcome to the online version of Doing Meta-Analysis with R: A Hands-On Guide. The present article constitutes a meta-analytical study of the effectiveness of positive psychology interventions for the general public and for individuals with specific psychosocial problems.
Several variables moderated the impact on depression: Interventions were more effective if they were of longer duration, if recruitment was conducted via referral or hospital, if interventions were delivered to people with certain psychosocial problems and on an individual basis, and if the study design was of low quality. Heterogeneity was rather high, due to the wide diversity of the studies included. At follow-up from three to six months, effect sizes are small, but still significant for subjective well-being and psychological well-being, indicating that effects are fairly sustainable.
Effectiveness has been established for cognitive behavioral therapy , problem-solving therapy and interpersonal therapy. Additional high-quality peer-reviewed studies in diverse (clinical) populations are needed to strengthen the evidence-base for positive psychology interventions.Over the past few decades, many psychological treatments have been developed for common mental problems and disorders such as depression and anxiety. ConclusionsThe results of this meta-analysis show that positive psychology interventions can be effective in the enhancement of subjective well-being and psychological well-being, as well as in helping to reduce depressive symptoms.
Psychological well-being focuses on the optimal functioning of the individual and includes concepts such as mastery, hope and purpose in life. Subjective well-being refers to a cognitive and/or affective appraisal of one’s own life as a whole. Likewise, people with mental disorders, can be happy by coping well with their illness and enjoy a satisfactory quality of life. It underscores that people can be free of mental illness and at the same time be unhappy and exhibit a high level of dysfunction in daily life. However, it is recognized that mental health is more than just the absence of mental illness, as expressed in the World Health Organization’s definition of mental health:Mental health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.Under this definition well-being and positive functioning are core elements of mental health. The existing evidence shows that the mental health care system has traditionally focused more on treatment of mental disorders than on prevention.
In addition, the available evidence suggests that well-being reduces the risk of developing mental symptoms and disorders and helps reduce mortality risks in people with physical disease. It is possible that this association is mediated by a healthy lifestyle and a healthier immune system, which buffers the adverse influence of stress. Well-being is also positively associated with better physical health.
Many of these studies demonstrated the efficacy of positive psychology interventions such as counting your blessings , practicing kindness , setting personal goals , expressing gratitude and using personal strengths to enhance well-being, and, in some cases, to alleviate depressive symptoms. The ever-expanding International Positive Psychology Association is among the most extensive research networks in the world and many clinicians and coaches embrace the body of thought that positive psychology has to offer.Consequently, the number of evaluation studies has greatly increased over the past decade. Since the publication of Seligman and Csikszentmihaly’s seminal article, the positive psychology movement has grown rapidly. Although the basic concepts of well-being, happiness and human flourishing have been studied for some decades , there was a lack of evidence-based interventions. They argued that a negative bias prevailed in psychology research, where the main focus was on negative emotions and treating mental health problems and disorders.
However, this meta-analysis had some important limitations. Their results show that PPIs can indeed be effective in enhancing well-being (r = 0.29, standardized mean difference Cohen’s d = 0.61) and help to reduce depressive symptom levels in clinical populations (r = 0.31, Cohen’s d = 0.65). Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009) conducted a meta-analytical review of the evidence for the effectiveness of positive psychology interventions (PPIs).
However, inclusion of these studies reduces the robustness of the results for pure positive psychology interventions. Mindfulness, life-review) were included in the meta-analysis. Intervention studies, although related to positive psychology but not strictly developed within this new framework (e.g. The lack of clarity in the inclusion criteria constitutes a third limitation. In recent meta-analyses, it has been shown that the treatment effects of psychotherapy have been overestimated in lower quality studies. Second, study quality was not addressed as a potential effect moderator.
The search strategy was based on two key components: there should be a) a specific positive psychology intervention, and b) an outcome evaluation. This study will add to the existing literature and the above meta-analytical review by 1) only including randomized controlled studies, 2) taking the methodological quality of the primary studies into account, 3) including the most recent studies (2009 – 2012), 4) analyzing not only post-test effects but also long-term effects at follow up, and 5) applying clear inclusion criteria for the type of interventions and study design.A systematic literature search was carried out in PsychInfo, PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, covering the period from 1998 (the start of the positive psychology movement) to November 2012. Potential variables moderating the effectiveness of the interventions, such as intervention type, duration and quality of the research design, were also examined. Subjective well-being, psychological well-being and depressive symptoms were the outcome measures.
The search was restricted to peer-reviewed studies in the English language. We also cross-checked the references from the studies retrieved, the earlier meta-analysis of Sin & Lyubomirsky (2009) and two other reviews of positive psychological interventions. This was combined with terms related to outcome research: “effect*”, or “effic*”, or “outcome*”, or “evaluat*”.
During the second phase, disagreements between the reviewers were resolved by consensus. All studies identified as potentially eligible by at least one of the reviewers during the first selection phase, were re-assessed at the second selection phase. At the first phase, selection was based on title and abstract, and at the second phase on the full-text article.
The intervention should have been explicitly developed in line with the theoretical tradition of positive psychology (usually reported in the introduction section of an article). A positive psychology intervention (PPI) was defined in accordance with Sin and Lyubomirsky’s (2009) article as a psychological intervention (training, exercise, therapy) primarily aimed at raising positive feelings, positive cognitions or positive behavior as opposed to interventions aiming to reduce symptoms, problems or disorders.
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